写在前面的话
2016伊始，在ScalersTalk成长会，我们启动了口译通关行动，以及口译基础训练计划。
口译通关行动项目落在交传小组，主要以二级口译实务教材为主，我们的目标是逐个章节地刷完这本经典作品。口译基础训练项目落在口译基础训练小组，主要以三级口译实务教材为主，我们的目标也是逐个章节地刷完这本经典作品。这本教材我们在2015年已经刷完过一轮，所以这相当于是第二遍了。
口译通关行动以及口译基础训练只面向成长会成员开放，在加入行动前，你需要进行测试。你在成为成长会成员后，可以看到测试指南。
往期日志：
本周复盘说明
本次复盘是ScalersTalk2016年成长会交传小组第16周训练与总结的成果。内容是王燕教授主编的《全国翻译专业资格水平考试指定教材英语口译实务（2级）》第六单元的后两篇文章。训练时间为4月25日至5月1日，训练进度为前两天英译汉一篇，第三天和第四天汉译英一篇，第五天和第六天复习，第七天复盘总结。成员在第一遍训练时相互点评，之后在自我研究和借鉴点评的基础上做该部分第二遍练习，多次练习并接受点评直至熟练为止。周末复盘需要成员现场口译本周练习过的段落，主持人点评，并组织讨论每段中的难点和需要注意的问题。
该复盘日志是在本周成员互评、复盘的基础上整理做出的。内容涵盖词组译法，以及对节选段落或难句的注释。日志不是对教材原文的复制粘贴。我们的要求是，避免词汇和词组的堆砌，强化对语言差异和文化背景的认识，译文必须要经过自己的思考和加工，体现出在练习过程中遇到的难点和解决办法以及实际口译版本与教材笔译版本之间的差异。欢迎正在练习该教材的小伙伴一起学习、交流。
本单元的内容主要涉及社会问题，包括美国的教育问题、福利保险、住房问题、移民问题，以及中国2008年初抗灾抢险的中央部署，讲话的时间比较久远，但是从中还是能学习到很多关于中美两国政策的表述，对翻译当前的事实篇章很有借鉴意义。
二级口译实务第九单元社会问题 口译实践
英译汉 Page 186- Page 188
词组译法:
trust people with their own money 让人们支配自己的财富
our economy is undergoing a period of uncertainty 经济处于动荡时期
add job for 52 straight months 连续52个月就业增长（straight=consecutive)
grow at a slower pace 增长放缓
at the kitchen table across our country 人们在餐桌上谈论的 （在本文语境 下偏重于谈论，不能直译成人们的餐桌上）
Speaker 议长（国会中的Speaker是议长，不能直接译为发言人）
a robust growth package 一套强有力的增长计划
the temptation will be 人们难免做某事
load up the bill 添加议案内容
delay or derail the bill 使议案拖延或偏离原来进程
weather turbulent times in the housing market 度过房地产市场的动荡时期
bring together an alliance 成立一个联盟
foreclosure 提前止赎 （指房主无力偿还房贷，丧失房屋赎回权）
end the bias in the tax codes against sb. 取消税法中对某一人群的不利条款
get one’s insurance from one’s employer（在美国指）参与集体医疗保险
put private coverage within reach of millions 让数百万人能够自行购买保险
junk medical lawsuit 无意义的医疗诉讼
increase accountability 加强问责制
add flexibility 增加灵活性
drop out 辍学
faith-based school 教会学校
“There are two other pressing challenges…”可以用增加主语的方法译为“如今我们面临两个紧迫的挑战”
Medicare 退休医疗
Medicaid 医疗补助
massive tax increases 税负大幅增加/大幅增加的税负
crippling deficits 赤字不断扩大/拖垮经济的赤字
catch and release （针对越境非法移民的）随抓随放（政策）
illegal crossing 非法越境
upholds both laws and highest ideals 捍卫法律和最高理想
句式连接：
段落一
To build a prosperous future, we must trust people with their own money and empower them to grow our economy. As we meet tonight, our economy is undergoing a period of uncertainty. America has added jobs for a record 52 straight months, but jobs are now growing at a slower pace. Wages are up, but so are prices for food and gas. Exports are rising, but the housing market has declined. At kitchen tables across our country, there is a concern about our economic future.
参考译文
版本一：为建设繁荣的未来，我们必须相信人民，让他们自己支配钱财，并使之有能力推动国家的经济增长。今晚我们在这里集会之际，我国经济正处于一个充满变数的事情。美国就业机会连续五十二个月保持增长，打破历史纪录，尽管目前增速有所放缓。虽然工资水平逐步提高，食品和汽油价格也在上涨。出口在增加，住房市场却出现下滑，全国各地人们谈论的是对房地产市场的担忧。版本二：为了建设繁荣的未来，我们需要让美国人民掌管这个国家的财富，并赋予他们能力，促进经济增长。现在美国经济正处于动荡阶段，虽然就业率连续52个月上升，但上升的速度已经放缓。人民的工资提高了，但食品和汽油的价格也在提高。出口在增长，房地产市场却在下滑。人们在餐桌的谈论显示对经济的担忧。
解析
译文一是教材给出的版本，逻辑关系紧凑，语言也比较书面。但音频语速较快，现场翻译难以实现。因此在译文二给出了口译产出的文本，由一些小的细节缺失，但的句法和用词更适于口语表达。
段落二
In the long run, Americans can be confident about our economic growth. But in the short run, we can all see that that growth is slowing. So last week, my administration reached agreement with Speaker Pelosi and Republican Leader Boehner on a robust growth package that includes tax relief for individuals and families and incentives for business investment. The temptation will be to load up the bill. That would delay it or derail it, and neither option is acceptable. This is a good agreement that will keep our economy growing and our people working. And this Congress must pass it as soon as possible.
参考译文
从长远来看我们对美国的经济增长抱有信心，但是从短期看，我们的经济增长的确在放缓。本届政府在上周与佩洛西议长和共和党领袖博纳达成协议，通过了一套强有力的增长计划。其中包括针对个人和家庭的减税计划以及鼓励企业投资的计划。人们难免希望增加议案内容。但这样会是议案推迟通过或偏离原来进程。而这两种结果都是不可接受的。这是一项很好的协议，能保持我国经济增长，并保障人民就业。本届国会必须尽快通过这项议案。
解析
这句本段句法上的难点不多，但有几个表达需要注意。一是 “the temptation is”直接翻译成诱惑会很不自然。二是load up the bill，指增加议案内容。此外，需要有美国政治的背景知识才知道Speaker的翻译是议长。
段落三
On housing, we must trust Americans with the responsibility of homeownership and empower them to weather turbulent times in the housing market. My administration brought together the HOPE NOW alliance, which is helping many struggling homeowners avoid foreclosure. And Congress can help even more. Tonight I ask you to pass legislation to reform Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac, modernize the Federal Housing Administration, and allow state housing agencies to issue tax-free bonds to help homeowners refinance their mortgages. These are difficult times for many American families, and by taking these steps, we can help more of them keep their homes.be to load up the bill. That would delay it or derail it, and neither option is acceptable. This is a good agreement that will keep our economy growing and our people working. And this Congress must pass it as soon as possible.
参考译文
在住房方面，我们必须让美国人能够担起房屋所有人的责任，让他们有能力渡过房产市场的动荡期。本届政府组成了“希望在眼前”联盟，帮助许多处境艰难的房主避免被银行提前收回房屋。国会可以提供更多的帮助。今晚，我吁请你们通过关于改革房利美公司和房贷美公司的法案，并对联邦住房管理局进行现代化改造，允许州住房机构发行免税债券，帮助房主重新贷款。美国很多家庭目前正面临困难，通过这些措施，我们可以帮助更多的人保住房产。
解析
这段话的准确度很大程度取决于对美国住房管理机构的熟悉程度，如房利美和房贷美，联邦住房管理局。还有对金融基本词汇的熟悉程度，如foreclosure 指房主丧失赎回权。课本参考译文句法和我自己的译文基本一致，但有些用词表达不太自然，这里给出的是综合两个版本的修改版。
tax free bond 免税债券
段落四
To build a future of quality health care, we must trust patients and doctors to make medical decisions and empower them with better information and better options. We share a common goal: making health care more affordable and accessible for all Americans. The best way to achieve that goal is by expanding consumer choice, not government control. So I have proposed ending the bias in the tax code against those who do not get their health insurance through their employer. This one reform would put private coverage within reach for millions, and I call on the Congress to pass it this year..
参考译文
为了提高美国医疗保健质量，我们必须把医疗决定权交到病人和医生手中，让他们获得更好的信息，拥有更好的选择。我们的一个共同目标是：让所有美国人都更能够负担和得到医疗服务。实现这一目标的最好办法是扩大消费者的选择，而不是政府的控制。因此我已提议，取消税法中对那些无法参加团体医疗保险计划的人不利的条款。此项改革可以使千百万人有能力自行购买保险，我吁请国会今年通过此项立法。
解析
教材的参考译文中第一句的翻译是为了使美国拥有更高医疗品质的未来，表达不够自然。考虑现场口译环境，我之间翻译成提高医疗质量。此外，在本段中，只有了解美国医保政策。才能理解“those who do not get their health insurance through their employer”和“put private coverage within reach for millions”指的是比如集体医疗保险，个人医疗保险。
段落五
The Congress must also expand health savings accounts, create Association Health Plans for small businesses, promote health information technology, and confront the epidemic of junk medical lawsuits. With all these steps, we will help ensure that decisions about your medical care are made in the privacy of your doctor’s office — not in the halls of Congress.
参考译文：
国会还必须发展医疗储蓄帐户，为小企业制定联合医疗计划推动医疗信息技术，并遏制无聊医疗诉讼的泛滥。通过采取这些措施，我们将帮助确保个人的医疗决定是在其医生的诊所做出，而不是在国会的大厅内做出。
解析
美国的医疗储蓄账户是免税的储蓄账户，只要储蓄的资金用于符合规定的医疗支出，那么所有的存款、资本利得和提款都是免税的。本段同样需要背景知识的积累。
epidemic junk lawsuit 无聊诉讼案的泛滥
段落六
Six years ago, we came together to pass the No Child Left Behind Act, and today no one can deny its results. Last year, fourth and eighth graders achieved the highest math scores on record. Reading scores are on the rise. African American and Hispanic students posted all-time highs. Now we must work together to increase accountability, add flexibility for states and districts, reduce the number of high school dropouts, provide extra help for struggling schools.
参考译文
译文一：六年前，我们共同通过了《不让任何一个孩子掉队法案》；今天，它的成果无可否认。去年，四年级和八年级学生的数学分数达到最高纪录。阅读成绩正在提高。非洲裔和拉丁裔学生的成绩达到历史最高水平。现在我们必须共同努力，加强问责制，给予州和地区更大的灵活性，减少高中辍学率，为面临困难的学校提供更多帮助。
解析
struggling school 面临困难的学校
increase accountability 加强问责制
add flexibility 提高灵活性
注意到本段有“add flexibility”的表达，上文有“add jobs”的表达。这在汉译英的时候可以借鉴，不必一遇到加强，提高，就翻译成strengthen 或 promote.
struggling school 面临困难的学校；表示学校状况不佳还可以用一下表达：
ailing school
failing school
schools (that) don’t measure up
crippling school
段落七
We must also do more to help children when their schools do not measure up. Thanks to the D. C. Opportunity Scholarships you approved, more than 2,600 of the poorest children in our nation’s capital have found new hope at a faith-based or other non-public school. Sadly, these schools are disappearing at an alarming rate in many of America’s inner cities. So I will convene a White House summit aimed at strengthening these lifelines of learning. And to open the doors of these schools to more children, I ask you to support a new $300 million program called Pell Grants for Kids. We have seen how Pell Grants help low-income college students realize their full potential. Together, we have expanded the size and reach of these grants. Now let’s apply that same spirit to help liberate poor children trapped in failing public schools.
参考译文
我们还必须付出更大努力帮助身处落后学校的孩子。你们批准的哥伦比亚特区机会奖学 金使我国首都2600多名最贫困儿童从一个教会学校和其他非公立学校获得了新的希望。可悲的是，这类学校正在以令人吃惊的速度从许多美国城市内消失。为巩固这些学习的生命线，我将召集一次白宫高峰会议。为了向更多孩子敞开这些学校的大门，我请你们支持“佩尔儿童助学金”项目。这是一个新项目，需要3亿美元的资金。我们已经看到“佩尔助学金”如何使低收入家庭的大学生充分实现了他们的潜力。我们通过共同努力，扩大了这些赠款的规模和受益人数。现在，让我们以同样的精神来帮助贫困儿童从瘫痪的公立学校中 解放出来。
解析
these schools are disappearing at an alarming rate： alarming rate 表示“惊人的速度”，一般不形容正面的事情。可以反向用语汉译英，比如：中国在过去三十年里进步巨大，全世界都见证到了快速的增长，但是环境也以惊人的速度恶化。China made gigantic progress in the past thirty years. The world has witnessed its fast growth. Its environment is deteriorating at an alarming rate.
So I will convene a White House summit aimed at strengthening these lifelines of learning.可以参考一个逻辑清晰的顺译方法：因此，我将召开白宫峰会，目的是要让这些学校继续运行，因为他们是学生的生命线。
And to open the doors of these schools to more children, I ask you to support a new $300 million program called Pell Grants for Kids. 可以顺句处理为：为了让这些学校敞开大门，帮助更多的儿童，我希望各位拿出三亿美金，支持我们的新项目——佩尔儿童助学金项目。
注意区分“Pell Grants for Kids”是旨在帮助儿童的新项目“佩尔儿童助学金”，而“Pell Grants”是旨在帮助大学生的项目，已经运行了一段时间，且取得了成果。
段落八
Yet we also need to acknowledge that we will never fully secure our border until we create a lawful way for foreign workers to come here and support our economy. This will take pressure off the border and allow law enforcement to concentrate on those who mean us harm. We must also find a sensible and humane way to deal with people here illegally. Illegal immigration is complicated, but it can be resolved. And it must be resolved in a way that upholds both our laws and our highest ideals.
参考译文
然而，我们也得承认，除非我们能够创造一条合法途径使外籍工人能够 进入美国并为我国经济贡献力量，否则我们的边界永远不可能实现百分之百的安全。这样做 将缓解边界压力，使执法工作集中于对付图谋危害我们的人。我们还必须找到一种合理和人 道的方式处理非法居留者。非法移民问题是复杂的，但不是不能解决；我们必须以一种既捍卫法律又维护我们的最高理念的方式予以解决。
解析
Yet we also need to acknowledge that we will never fully secure our border until we create a lawful way for foreign workers to come here and support our economy. 这句话在口译中可以直接用反话正说的方法，翻成“我们也要认识到，要想确保边境安全，就要创造合法的途径，帮助外籍工人来到美国，促进美国经济的发展。”
This will take pressure off the border and allow law enforcement to concentrate on those who mean us harm. We must also find a sensible and humane way to deal with people here illegally. 提供一个符合中文表达习惯的版本：这样可以减轻边境的压力，同时可以让执法人员把力量集中到不法分子身上。我们也必须要找到合理、人道的方式处理非法居留者。
二级口译实务第九单元社会生活 口译实践
汉译英 Page 188-Page189
词组译法：
党中央The CPC central committee
国务院the State Council
雨雪冰冻灾害 disastrous weather of rain, snow and ice
应急指挥中心 a commanding center of emergence response
电煤 coal for power generation
加紧抢运电煤和救灾物资seize every minute to transport coal and disaster relief materials
疏导、劝阻滞留旅客evacuate staying passengers
对恶劣天气影响而关闭的道路全力组织抢通open those roads which have been closed down due to the disastrous weather
鲜活农产品运输机制a transportation mechanism on fresh agro-products
确保居民正常供暖ensure stable supply of residential heating
国家电网State Grid
南方电网公司Southern Power Grid
跨区电能调剂cross-regional dispatching
需求侧 demand-side
电力紧缺地区areas with power shortage
有保有压(principle of) categorized treatment
交通枢纽railway hubs
合理用电、节约用电rational power consumption and power conservation
错峰用电off-peak power use
高耗能with heavy energy consumption
产能过剩with surplus production capacity, excess(ive) capacity, overcapacity, glut
搞好ensure
成品油oil products
流动加油车mobile oil refueling tankers
敞开供应open to the public
不限量without fueling caps
不脱销without supply disruptions
启动…机制launch a mechanism of
建立…制度put in place a system of
骨干支撑作用的电厂backbone power plants
制定和完善draft and revise
应急预案emergence plans
动员各种力量all stakeholders have been mobilized
抢修、抢运seize every minute to repair/transport
打好硬仗win this uphill battle (against)
人民生命财产安全(safeguard) people’s life and property
句式连接
段落一
大面积的雨雪冰冻灾害发生之后，党中央国务院高度重视，胡锦涛总书记、温家宝总理等中央领导同志多次做出重要指示批示。国务院决定成立煤电油运和抢险救灾应急指挥中心，统筹协调有关方面的工作；各地区各部门认真贯彻中央部署，紧急行动起来，团结协作，克服困难，积极抗灾救灾，采取了一系列应对措施。
参考译文
The CPC central committee and the SC pay great attention to the large-scale disastrous weather of rain, snow and ice. Secretary-General Hu Jintao, Premier Wen Jiabao and some other state leaders made important instructions on multiple occasions. The SC decided to set up a commanding center of emergence response in terms of coal, power, oil and transportation. Relevant departments and local governments, while seriously implementing the arrangement laid down by the central government, also took swift actions in a collective manner to adopt a series of measures in response to the emergency.
解析
本段使整篇文章纲举目张——交代事件背景，党中央指导，各部门配合。笔记和口译译文不用很详细。注意时态是过去时。
“多次做出指示和批示”指口头指示和书面批示，在笔译情况下尽求完善，在口译情况下处理为instructions就可以了。
段落二
一是组织好煤矿生产，增加煤炭供给。各产煤省积极组织国有重点煤矿和地方国有煤矿春节期间坚持正常生产，保证基本产量，同时组织好其他具备安全条件煤矿的生产，努力增加电煤供给。神华集团、中煤集团和大同煤矿集团等大型煤炭企业，主动调整春节放假安排，春节期间继续生产。加强安全生产监管监察，防范重大安全生产事故。
参考译文
Coal production is well organized to increase coal supply. Coal-producing provinces now are organizing state-owned national and local coalmines to continue normal production during the Spring Festival to ensue basic coal output, and other qualifies safe coalmines to maintain production so as to increase the supply of coal for power generation. SHENGHUA coal group, China coal group and Datong coal group as well as some other major coal enterprises have taken the initiative to adjust the Spring Festive vacation schedule and maintain normal production, and they’ve already enhanced supervision and inspection on safe production in order to prevent any possible production accidents.
解析
在名词信息比较密集的情况下尽量顺译，抓住主干，选择性地模糊处理。
段落三
二是加强运输组织，保障交通畅通。铁路部门在抢险救灾的同时，科学调度，迂回分流，加紧抢运电煤和救灾物资，疏导、劝阻滞留旅客。公安、交通部门对恶劣天气影响而关闭的道路，全力组织抢通，并根据国务院部署，启动了鲜活农产品运输机制，保证蔬菜、肉类、粮食等生活必需品的运输。
参考译文
Transportation is well coordinated to ensure smooth traffic. Railway departments, while dealing with disasters, have taken measures to scientifically control the traffic, distribute traffic flow in a roundabout way, seize every minute to transport coal and disaster relief materials and evacuate staying passengers. Public security and transportation department now are making great efforts to open those roads which have been closed down due to the disastrous weather. According to the instructions of the central government, they’ve also launched a transportation mechanism on fresh agro-products to ensure the transportation of daily necessities such as vegetables, meat and grain.
解析
国务院即中央政府，所以the State Council也就是the central government，两个不妨换着用。
疏导和劝阻翻译其中一个即可。
“加紧做某事“时有without delay等译法
段落四
三是合理安排发电生产，确保电网安全稳定运行。各发电企业努力增加电煤库存，加强设备维护和生产管理，确保发电生产平稳，确保居民正常供暖。国家电网、南方电网公司组织十万多名员工抗冰抢险，加强对灾区地区的支持，使停运设备尽快恢复正常运行；同时，优化电网运行方式，加大跨区电能调剂力度，确保安全稳定运行。
参考译文
Power generation is well deployed to ensure the stable operation of power grids. All power plants are making great efforts to increase coal stock, improve equipment maintenance and production management as well as ensure stable generation of power and supply of residential heating. The State Grid and the Southern Power Grid Company have mobilized 100,000 employees to provide more support to disaster-stricken areas, turning equipment out of order back into normal operation as soon as possible. They’ve also made great efforts to optimize the operation of power grids, increase cross-regional dispatching and ensure sound and stable operation.
解析
“优化……”很常见，optimize sth，Streamline也可表达“优化”之义。
本篇文章中文有很多成并列结构的短句，必要时可以用连词连成长句处理，使英文句子更加流畅。
段落五
坚持合理用电、节约用电，推行错峰用电
参考译文
Efforts have been made to promote rational power consumption, power conservation and off-peak power use.
解析
把“坚持”、“推行”两个动词合译处理为“promote”
本句同时采用了两大汉英翻译的策略：添加主语efforts并且使用被动结构，在汉英翻译中很常见
段落六
中石油、中石化两集团公司进一步落实国务院确定的保障成品油供应各项措施，搞好成品油和天然气的生产、运输和销售。
参考译文
Sinopec and CNPC have further implemented measures decided by the State Council to safeguard the supply of oil products and ensure the production, transportation and marketing of oil products and natural gas.
解析
“国务院确定的”该类插入式定语可以及时地用定语从句或者后置定语形式来处理，即“decided by the State Council”
段落七
保证所属加油站点敞开供应，不限量，不脱销，保障蔬菜、鲜活农产品运输车辆加油。
参考译文
All gas stations of these two companies are open to the public without fueling caps and supply disruption. Priority for fueling is given to trucks that transport vegetables and fresh agricultural products.
解析
原句包括三个动作，“保证”，“不”及“保障”，翻译时要灵活处理
首先断句，将“保证”和“不”处理为一句，并且用without连接，然后将“保障”转译为priority is given to
段落八
目前，各项煤电油运和抢险抗灾工作正在积极推进。
参考译文
Now, progress is being made in all the work of ensuring the supply of coal, power and oil and transportation capacity, responding to emergency and fighting disasters.
解析
全句采用被动结构“Progress is being made in…”。
本句要翻译出“保障供给”ensure the supply of、“抢”respond to和“抗”fight三个动作，并且由work统领，因此译文句子结构呈现为“all the work of ensuring…., responding to… and fighting…”。
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